PSG has now secured the prestigious trophy on fourteen separate occasions.
The Parisian giants needed a dramatic leveler followed by a perfect penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight French Super Cup victory.
The European champions seemed to be coasting towards a straightforward win in the match featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele opened the scoring in the opening stages.
However, Marseille struck two times late to take a surprise advantage. Initially, the English forward scored from the penalty spot, before the defender unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking turn of fortune, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a vital equaliser in the final seconds to force the match into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving decisive attempts from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and the young talent all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a 4-1 penalty victory.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now won this competition for the twelfth time in the last thirteen seasons.